Basic Research on Effectiveness of Mindfulness Skills
When an evidence-based approach becomes popularized and clinical training standard are lowered, we may experience reports on exaggerated success of the specific intervention. The same may occur when researchers have pro/con biases. This is especially true when the provider/trainer is not a regular practitioner of the same MBIs. Now that MBIs are common in public/private school, community clinics, professional sports, and governmental organization (the Veterans Administration, etc.), both standards of care and quality of instruction must be monitored to prevent generalization drift. Generalization drift occurs when more and more people with less clinical training and experience, teach and use the MBIs. Double-sided reflection on this process would suggest a mixed picture: more and more people are 
learning to use secular MBIs to improve their lives (a good thing), but quality of training and experience of people teaching MBIs may be less than adequate for both safety and success (not a good thing). Remember that there are potential negative effects on people using MBIs. In my own 20-year experience as a MBI trainer in school, clinics and medical services programs, I have witnessed this process over and over again. In particular, when trainers/teachers used “canned” instructional programs published for profit and NOT adequately evaluated for reliability and validity, the drift and exaggerated claim may increase. When I co-led a school-based MBIs program for five years in a well-respected public school system in Vermont, we made sure the outcome research was completed by an independent and competent evaluation organization. We did this to prevent researcher-bias. Since I and other trainers were sold on the effectiveness of MBIs, it was best to have the outcome research done by others. The reason why the program was re-funded year after year was due solely to its positive effectiveness. I am happy to report that the outcomes of that specific school-based MBIs intervention were very positive and long-lasting.
In my own reasonably complete review of research I have concluded that we are better off being conservative in our claims of effectiveness. Thus I am very comfortable noting that when MBIs are provided by well-trained and experienced trainers they DO Improve conditions related to depression, anxiety, chronic pan and to a lesser degree stress reactivity and emotion self-regulation. Emotion regulation is a very important finding; this one outcome is directly related to conditions involving unresolved psychological trauma and addictions. I need say no more about the common realities of both these conditions in our American culture; we self-medicate to keep the economy going and to combat negative mood states, we have high levels of adverse childhood experiences, and we have fear and shame in seeking help for traumatic experiences and addictions. The story of positive familial attachment experiences in our country is a very sad one; we have high 
numbers of children experiences ACEs or Adverse Childhood Experiences. As far as prosocial changes related to exposure to MBIs, the research picture is less supportive. There are claims that MBIs improve compassion, empathy, connectivity with others, aggression, and prejudice in various settings. However, research support suggests that there are some improvements in compassion and empathy, but very little real evidence for improving connectivity, aggression and prejudice. In positive effects on various conditions, long-term regular meditation (with breathing retraining) practice leads the way, followed closely by long-term regular yoga and body scanning practice. “Forest Bathing,” or long-term mindful walking in nature has research support for improving general health and psychological well-being. Other MBIs/practices like qigong, tai chi, etc. do improve specific conditions but we are hard-pressed to say that they are as powerful for most people as meditation, breath training, yoga, body scanning or Forest Bathing. That said, for some people qigong and tai chi make huge differences in the quality of their lives and sense of well-being. Vigorous forms of qigong and tai chi are like mindful exercise, and according to a solid body of research regular vigorous exercise is your best path to good psychological and physical health.
See the references below to determine your own opinion.
Supports Positive Outcomes of Regular MBIs Practices:
Goyal, M., Singe, S., Sibinga, E.M.S. et al. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Journal of The American Medical Association – Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357-368. Lang, A. et al. (2012). Theoretical and empirical basis for meditation as an intervention in PTSD. Behavior Modification, 36(6), 759-786. Van der Kolk, B. (2015). The Body Keeps the Score... New York: Penguin Books. See also various outcome studies from the Boston HRI Trauma Center on positive clinical effects of yoga and meditation. Keep in mind that there are now thousands of studies, mostly designed well enough to obtain peer review publication, showing positive effects for various MBIs with different populations. Do your own Google Scholar search to see what comes up.
Differential Outcomes of Regular MBIs Practices:
Kreplin, U., Faries, M., Brazil, I.A. (February, 2018). The limited personal effects of meditation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 8(2403), 1-37. Borges, S. W. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, Self-Regulation. New York: W.W. Norton. Borges, S. and Buczynski, R. (2016). Polyvagal Theory. www.nicab-m.com/porges-polyvagal-theory. Retrieved Aril 26, 2016. P. Chodron’s Forward in Kongtrul, D. (2006). It’s Up To You: The Practice of Self-Regulation on the Buddhist Path. Boston: Shambhala Publications.
Possible Negative Emotional Effects of MBIs Practices:
Some people experience negative effects from MBIs. This is usually due to an underlying mental health or psychological condition and/or ineffective instruction from an inadequate, inexperienced trainer/teacher, etc. Some of the most severe negative effects occur after long-term, silent retreats – sometimes vipassana retreats. Negative effects may occur on the first major exposure to MBIs. or after repeated exposures where no negative effects existed.
Vieten, C. & Scammel, S. (2015). Spiritual and Clinical Competencies in Clinical Practice: Guidelines for Psychotherapists and Mental Health Professionals. Oakland, CA: Nerw Harbinger, pp. 99-109. Britton, W. (2011). The dark night project. www.buddhistgeeks.com. Retrieved April 26, 2016. Britton, W. (2011). The dark side of dharma. www.buddhistgeeks.com. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
Anthony R. Quintiliani, PhD., LADC
From the Eleanor R. Liebman Center for Secular Meditation in Monkton, Vermont and the Home of The Monkton Sangha
Author of Mindful Happiness
happiness, honor, and love), Bright Yellow Healing Light (think about fairness, openness, and balance) AND now use any combination your wish – Follow the process noted and listen for guidance. In the combination feel whatever comes up in your upper chest, then in your heart area, and finally in your lower belly.
Harvard for related reasons. In 1967 he went to India to study under Hindu Sadhu Neem, Karoli Baba, also known as Maharaj-ji. Before his teacher died, Alpert was named Ram Dass (Servant of God). He practiced bhakti yoga – pure love on the spiritual path. In 1974 Ram Dass returned to the United States, where he developed his own style of meditation, a style that radically integrated various forms of spiritual traditions. In 1971 he published his first book, Be Here Now; this book helped open up higher consciousness to others without the use of drug and expounded a life role of service to others. In 2004 Ram Dass relocated to Maui, where he remained for the rest of his life. In 1997 he wrote Still Here. In some ways this book helped to clarify his deeper understanding of himself; the depth was the result of a serious stroke he suffered. His cerebral hemorrhage forced him to go deeper into self-understanding. In 2004 he survived a near-fatal infection. From his stroke on Ram Dass was mainly homebound. His last book (with Mirabai Bush) was 
creating Living Dying Project and Doorway to Light; Seva Foundation (healthcare for underserved areas); and, Social Venture Network (for businesses). Yes, Ram Dass lived his talk – he walked the walk!
recognize addictions as America’s number one healthcare problem, all healthcare providers and school counselors, social workers, psychologist, etc. should receive proper clinical training in the prevention, intervention, and treatment of SUDs. It is about time!
unhelpful. So I stopped recommending this form of journaling to clients years ago. If you suffer from anxiety, depression, trauma, addictions and/or eating problems, I would not recommend negative problem solving journaling as a practice. Our limbic brain sets us up for overdrive when dealing with negative emotions and experiences, so no need to add more cognition and attention to it all. Better to work on positives!